A paraphrase too far. . .

I wish I could say that I am anything less than embarrassed by the invention of the hymnic paraphrase to substitute for the parts of the ordinary.  It was probably not a Lutheran invention but that did not stop Martin Luther from establishing the practice of substituting a hynm paraphrase 9from his own hand) for the ordinary of the Divine Service.  It became known as the Deutsche Messe (1526) and was meant to make the Latin ordinary more accessible to a German speaking population.  While they might work as hymns, only the Kyrie is moderately successful and the Gloria less so.  The vaunted Sanctus (Isaiah Mighty Seer) does seem a huge stretch from the words of the actual Sanctus itself.  Again, though Luther was probably not the first to do so, it did sort of establish the hymn substitution of the ordinary as ordinary Lutheran practice.  It is not.  A temporary exception to the norm, maybe.  A regular diet of such, whether penned by Luther or anyone else, is a paraphrase too far.

So let me offend all of Lutheranism here by suggesting that the Deutsche Messe is an anomaly against the confessional Lutheran practice simply singing the ordinary.  That is probably a shocking thing to say on the 500th anniversary of his liturgical offering.  In one sense, Luther's original suggestion (the Formula Missae) was about as traditional as you could get -- so much so that without a few noticeable changes of tones for the chanting of the Gospel and the hearing of the Verba Christi out loud, it would have been difficult for some folks to notice the difference between the Roman version and the Lutheran one.  So we said:  Falsely are our churches accused of abolishing the Mass; for the Mass is retained among us, and celebrated with the highest reverence. Nearly all the usual ceremonies are also preserved, save that the parts sung in Latin are interspersed here and there with German hymns, which have been added to teach the people.  This was even after Luther's liturgical revisions (a set of evangelical rubrics to use with the missal on the altar and then, well, the German Mass.  Here and there with German hymns somehow became no Latin and only German hymnns -- at least among some.

For my part, I think it would be better to simply conveniently forget the German Mass entirely and stick the hymns you want to use in where hymns ordinarily belong -- here and there.  But not use paraphrases of the ordinary either as an occasional shout out to our guy's ideas or as a regular practice.  That would, in my mind, also include the LSB Divine Service IV.  That and DS V's omission from LSB would have freed up some space for something better used on a regular basis.  Oh, I get that DS IV can be used to help restore liturgical practice where it has been abandoned but such a tool belongs in Builder but not in the printed book itself.  So now that I have offended nearly every Lutheran (except those who might find Luther's paraphrases hard to sing), let me suggest that this is not about preference but about learning the texts and sticking with them.  The hymns are not wrong or bad but they are not quite the ordinary either.  So why do it?

One particular hymn that illustrates the point without offending Lutherans too much more is the Apostles' Creed hymn in LSB.  We All Believe in One True God was written by Tobias Clausnitzer (1671) and, of course, translated by Catherine Winkworth a couple of hundred years later.  The hymn is nice enough, fairly popular, even ecumenical -- but does it really jibe with the content or wording of the real Apostles' Creed?  You be the judge.

1 We all believe in one true God,
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost,
Ever-present help in need,
Praised by all the heav'nly host;
All He made His love enfolds,
All creation He upholds.

2 We all believe in Jesus Christ,
Son of God and Mary's son,
Who descended from His throne
And for us salvation won;
By whose cross and death are we
Rescued from all misery.

3 We all confess the Holy Ghost,
Who from both in truth proceeds,
Who sustains and comforts us
In all trials, fears, and needs.
Blessed, holy Trinity,
Praise forever be to Thee! 

In fact, in more words that the brief and compact Apostles' Creed, the hymn fails to include all that the baptismal creed includes.  That is the problem with hymn paraphrases. They tend to take more words to say less than the actual texts of the ordinary.  I have tried my own hand at writing paraphrases of the ordinary and with even less success, apparently, as Luther.  So my vote is to retire DS IV & V from parish use -- except where DS IV might work to renew a waning liturgical focus where none has been.  But it does not need to be in the hymnal and we do not need to use it.  Sing the hymns if you want to.  But not all of them together displacing the ordinary with less salutary paraphrases.  

The last problem I have with the Deutsche Messe is the ordering of the canon.  Luther, for whatever reason I really do not care about, thought it smart to move the Sanctus to after the Verba Christi so that you sing the Sanctus (German hymn Isaiah Mighty Seer) and right after the Agnus Dei).  Really?  It is almost like Luther was setting us up for pastors and congregations to take the ordo and turn it into smorgasbord of things and then to arrange them like food on a plate.  Was Luther the origin of such tinkering?  Luther should have stuck with the Formula Missae, with a cheat sheet to make the Latin missal work for evangelical purpose, and left it at that.  Of course, your mileage may vary.  So load up and fire your comments at me folks.

Only few mysteries are revealed. . .

Some like to think that religion is the result of man's observation of himself and his surroundings.  There are many things that would fit that bill.  We look, we think, we posit opinions, and we speak of facts.  Some of them are true and some of them end up being foolish as we reconsider them.  Christianity, however, is not a religion of observation and conclusion.  It is a religion of revelation, of disclosure, and of hidden things.  It is a religion of mystery but not in the sense of a puzzle begging to be explained.  No, indeed.  The mysteries of the faith are those things which lie beyond proof and are taken by faith.  These are the things of God which are beyond our knowing.  He reveals Himself and His ways to us but not in full or total so that it is ever a done deal.  He gives us what we need to know of Him and His ways.  The rest He does not disclose to us and we cannot ascertain them by observation or study.  We accept them by faith.

The Book of Sirach (The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach or The Wisdom of Jesus son of Eleazar, or Ecclesiasticus is of Jewish literary origins, written in Biblical Hebrew probably around the time of the Second Temple period.  It was translated into Koine Greek, expanded with a prologue, and was generally well-known.  It is in the prologue we find what is generally considered to be the earliest witness to a tripartite canon of the books of the Hebrew Bible and so it is a witness to the revelation even if it is not quite revelation.  Although included in the Hebrew Bible nor regarded as Scripture by the Jews, it is included in the Septuagint and the Old Testament of the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East.  While most Protestants have paid less attention to it, Lutherans hold it as an important intertestamental text found in the Apocrypha, noncanonical but not insignificant.  Indeed, until more modern times, Lutheran editions of the Bible always included this work among the other works of the Apocrypha.

Perhaps my favorite verse in the Apocrapha is  Beyond these, many things lie hid; only a few of God’s works have we seen (Sirach 43:34).  It reminds me of the line in the Nicene Creed -- the God who made all things, visible and invisible or seen and unseen.  Among the many marvels of God's creative work and in the exclusive salvific works of God, we have ample testament to His power and to His mercy.  Enough.  But it is, as they say, the tip of the iceberg about God.  Beyond these, only a few of His works are revealed to us.  We know there are more but they are not the more on which we focus.  We turn our attention to His revelation while trusting in the most which eye has not seen nor ear heard nor mind conceived.  It is enough to have what we have but we all know there is so very much more.

In a world which treats a mystery as a problem or riddle to be solved, Christianity does not tread lightly upon the unseen works of God.  We do not let them overwhelm what we are given to know by revelation.  God's self-disclosure, while plenty, is not everything and yet it is enough.  Enough to save.  Enough to forgive.  Enough to end the terror of death and the reign of the devil.  Enough to rescue the soul from despair and the lost from the prison of their darkness.  But there is more.  The mystery remains along side the revelation.  The Psalmist knows this:  The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim his handiwork (Psalm 19:1).  Job is not put down by the revelation that the things of God are too great and His mystery too deep for mere man to ponder.  It is enough that God has stooped low to behold and esteem the plight of man urgent enough for His grace to fill man's every need.  His ways are above ours.  That is not a put down at all.  It is comfort.  We do not need to comprehend everything of God to believe in Him or faith would be impossible.  It is enough to know Jesus Christ whom He has revealed and the only true God.   The things of God do not confound us unless we refuse to trust in Him, do not baffle us unless we choose to ignore what He has revealed.

All of this is on prominent display in the Divine Service.  The how of the mystery is never explained but the gift of that mystery of flesh in bread and blood in wine delivers the forgiveness of sins, life, and salvation.  It gives to us not a solid preview of heaven but the taste of it -- enough to whet our appetite and want the more that is to come even while we affirm with joy that what we have is enough.  That is where we live when we live by faith.  I guess I have Christmas on my mind.... already.

Surviving the winds of change. . .

When traveling too or from my ancestral home in Northeast Nebraska, I generally drive HWY 36 from Hannibal to St. Jo, Missouri and back again.  Inevitably I pass the home of General John J. Pershing (Laclede) and James Cash Penny (Hamilton, Missouri).  I grew up with JC Penney (and Sears and Montgomery Wards and Woolworths and K-Mart).  You know how many of those big names are gone.  JC Penney is still around but has fallen on hard times.  JC Penney's problems were primarily caused by a failed pricing strategy implemented by former CEO Ron Johnson, who replaced traditional coupon sales with everyday low prices, leading to a loss of customer interest and sales. Additionally, the company struggled with increased competition from online retailers and a lack of clear identity in the market.   Even when they abandoned the changes that proved to be their downfall, they suffered and have been on a downward trajectory ever since.  Sometimes surviving the change back is as difficult as surviving the change that caused the problem.  This is true of business but also of religion.

While Pope Leo may be exercising some caution in his changes in the wake of Francis' death, the whole thing illustrates the problems of changing leaders in any context but especially in the Church.  When the pendulum swings to the other side, it brings with it a host of changes which may be salutary and good but which can also extract a real cost to the vitality of the institution.  The Roman Catholic Church cannot survive a pendulum swing back and forth between leaders who have very different visions of what that church is or should be.  With every swing back and forth it loses the confidence of its people, its stature in the world, and momentum.  That is why having a Francis as pope was so destructive.  Unless and until Leo restores what was, that church will continue to struggle and as long as the possibility remains that another Francis can undo what JPII and BXVI have done, the church will continue to run out of gas.

The same is true of Lutherans.  When we elect leaders who have such different styles and visions for our church body, we consume precious energy and resources just surviving the change.  Every institution struggles with this.  Seminaries and universities know the cost of such change -- even the salutary change which restores what was lost by unfaithful leaders.  Both Concordia Theological Seminary and Concordia Seminary have struggled with leadership changes which cost them momentum and credibility over the years.  It is a struggle even when the right direction is restored.  Everyone knows that there was and remains a distinct difference between the LCMS Presidents Harms and Preus, Kieschnick and Harrison.  No matter which side you were in casting a ballot, the hick up of distinct leadership change is hard on the institution.  That is why elections matter.

It is also true in the parish.  When there is a radical difference between one pastor and his successor, the congregation struggles with the change.  Even when the change is to move to restore what was, the very issue of change is its own problem.  People in the pew struggle to survive the change between liturgical and contemporary worship, between a gregarious and introvert pastoral personality, between a hands on pastor and one who seems attentive only to the things directly in his job description.  It does not matter which side you think is right or wrong, the change is hard on the institution.  Change is manageable and helpful when it is deliberate and incremental, when it is accompanied by a long term pastoral tenure, and when it is explained ad nauseam along the way.  Without these, change is just plain hard on us all.

We live in a world of change, a dizzying array of changes which daily provide us with too much to digest and become accustomed to.  When the Church becomes another venue of such change, it betrays part of its purpose and it also betrays the confidence and trust of the people.  So be careful.  Even when you are heading in the right direction, you must be sensitive to how these changes will be felt within the parish.  Sixteen years ago the Missouri Synod turned itself upside down in governance format and we are still trying to sort it all out.  It is a truism worth pondering for those who would like to make changes.  Sometimes it is not the particular change that is the problem but surviving change at all.  The Church is not the kind of institution which ought to be or can be a constant initiator of change.  We are by nature the preserver of tradition, salutary tradition, in which fidelity to Scripture and this tradition is more valuable than being reactive or proactive to every set of circumstances that might present themselves.  We have habits which are not always good but familiar and when we change our habits, we need to proceed with caution.  Shouting we are not your grandfather's church will not necessarily guarantee that we will become the church of the latest generation.  Oldsmobile once insisted it was not your grandfather's car but look where that landed them.  God has not given us the reins to the Church to do with as we see fit but called us to remain faithful, endure, and pass on faithfully what was passed down to us.  That might be enough despite those who think that unless we reinvent ourselves we shall surely die.

Evolution into darkness. . .

Harvard University is, well, Harvard, after all.  It is a singular institution whose reputation is unsurpassed.  Even though it has boatloads of money, it still charges for its services -- especially to overseas students.  It has a cache which is worth as much as its actual educational services, perhaps even more.  Access to the network of Harvard grads is worth more than the instruction in the classroom.  Nevertheless, it is always good to pay attention to what the school says about itself.

Newly installed Drew Gilpin Faust, the first female president of Harvard defined what Harvard has become at her inauguration:  “The ‘Veritas’ in Harvard’s shield was originally intended to invoke the absolutes of divine revelation, the unassailable verities of Puritan religion.  We understand it quite differently now. Truth is an aspiration, not a possession [emphasis added]…We must commit ourselves to the uncomfortable position of doubt, to the humility of always believing there is more to know, more to teach, more to understand."

In other words, Harvard has not simply abandoned its once formative ties with a particular version of Christianity or any version of the faith, it has abandoned the idea of truth itself.  It is the pursuit more than the end, the question more than the answer, and the doubt more than the certainty which Harvard exists to promote.  That is one heck of an enterprise and price tag to find out that truth itself is an illusion or no more than a stopping point along the way in the journey to knowledge.  But what of the knowledge that has no facts, no truth, no abiding reality?  Is it worth the billions in the endowment fund and the tens upon tens of thousands in tuition/room and board to find out that the only things for sure is that nothing is sure?

It would be unfair to single out Harvard when the same thing can be found in universities and colleges large and small, notorious and anonymous.  That is the state of higher education today.  If university presidents, administrations, and faculties exist only to challenge what they have deemed the transmission of the moral and intellectual patrimony acquired over the centuries by tainted teachers and scholars who were once thought noble, why bother with the cost of such an education?  Doubt, after all, is pretty cheap and easy.  You do not need a university education to tell you to question everything.  The end result of Harvard's educational method and the same from any other institution supposedly of higher learning is not knowledge but the worst kind of privilege and elitism parading as truth.  Though it would never happen in a million years, Harvard would be better served returning to its Puritan roots and risk being labeled foolish by the educated elite than to dole out foolishness in place of facts and overcharge for it in the process.  Yet it would seem that Harvard is not really in the education business.  It is selling not a well-rounded education nor an introduction to truth but a network of contacts who share a common sheepskin more than they share a common set of values, facts, or opinions.  Yet by existing merely to challenge Harvard has joined the most elite of roles -- an expensive court jester who entertains more than he informs.  That is not the kind of university we need nor is it the kind of university we can afford.
 

 

Failures . . .

Feminism has long advocated for the idea that women do not need men and, more lately, that a toxic masculinity makes men even more unnecessary to women.  The news at Cornell must have shaken that idea a bit.  Women do need men.  They need real men and not impulsive children who do not know how to behave.  Even more than this, we all need men, responsible men, stand up men, who have learned how to act in public and in private.   A real man does not take advantage of a woman when she is drunk.  That was the rule long before feminism decided that women did not need men but somewhere along the way we stopped teaching this rule to men.  That is a sad indictment of society as a whole and the state of the family.

It is the failure of the home.  Sadly, too many boys are raised in homes without a positive male role model and either live in a vacuum without a man at all or with a poor example of what it means to be a real man.  Men do not act violently against women.  This is a failing of the home and a consequence of divorce which too often removes a male role model from the boys (or girls) in the home.  It is also a consequence of single parent families without a husband or father in the picture at all.  I am not pointing fingers but I have known of too many women who had children by several men -- none of whom has any active role to play in the lives of her children.  We have institutionalized this problem and made it appear to be normal.  It is not.

The boys so accused are not the dregs of humanity but the super achievers who are attending an exclusive university with so-called privileged backgrounds and checkbooks which brought them there.  It would be easy to condemn those from the wrong part of town or lacking any social standing but these are not the boys who apparently thought it was alright to take advantage of a girl who was vulnerable and whose judgment impaired.  That she was in that position was bad enough but that boys thought it okay to take advantage of her in that position shows how stilted and distorted our values have become.

It is the failure of a society without a common sense of morality and virtue.  When we organize society apart from commonly held values and a sense of what it means to excel, we are left with competing values or, worse, no values at all.  A common religion once taught such common values and a diversity of religions which should share in the ideal of monogamous marriage and fidelity within marriage, of children and the nobility of parenthood, and of the value of discipline and self-discipline should, theoretically at least, support this.  The track record, however, is not as good as the theory.  The sidelining of religion and the diminishing role of religion in life overall have both had their effect in accepting and tolerating a manhood which is simply a large size child with desires and wills that refuse to be ordered.

It is the failure of freedom.  We have made the goal of individual freedom so sacred that we justify and allow the worst abuse of that freedom.  Pornography is not wrong because it exposes nudity or portrays the sexual act between men and women but because it places both within the context of abuse, violence, exploitation, and every perverted idea of what sexual pleasure is or how to achieve it.  Porn is a mirror into the corrupt soul and we have insisted upon freedom in the extreme to make available even to children learning the rudiments of sex and their roles as men and women.  Little children cannot escape pornographic images or video and their understanding of themselves and others is framed less by any conversation with parents or religious figures or physicians than it is the secret images of the screen.

Our unsocial social media and the often crude and violent lyrics of contemporary music only aids in the reduction of men and women to their most base and crude selves.  Without positive role models in the home and without a religion promoting the roles of male/female and husband/wife built upon mutual respect for each other and those roles, our sons and daughters are left to exploit and be exploited without a counterbalance to the unrestrained pursuit of self.  What is there in our media that would insist that gang rape of a drunk woman is wrong in every circumstance and in every context?  If there is even a hint of doubt about the uniform condemnation of this in our media, then that media is corrupt and is corrupting us and making us more children than adults. 

As Christians we should know this better than most.  The elevation of human life and virtue is not in the pursuit of self but in self-control, living upright and decent lives with respect for others and a refusal to exploit another for personal pleasure.  There is a false sense of Christianity in which God is setting us free to pursue ourselves and our wants and desires but this fake version of the real faith is not being condemned as it should.  We are not simply our desires.  We are much more than this.  It is what distinguishes us from animals whose instincts define their behavior.  We are not them.  We are or ought to be governed by principle, by a sense of right and wrong, and by a willingness to pursue what is good and right and true and for the common good even when that conflicts with our wants or desires as individuals.  Christianity cannot guarantee that any will act in accordance with those morals and virtues but it at least provides a solid counterbalance to the desires that do what is right in their own eyes and in the moment.  It is not that this kind of thing never happened before or in the past when a sense of Christian virtue and responsibility was more universally held.  It is that without Christian virtue and responsibility there is even less to restrain us from our basest desires and the pursuit of want over goodness.  That none of these boys stopped this travesty from happening is another element of the weakness of our backbones in the face of what is tempting.  Indeed, this is one more example that what failings we have will not be improved by feminism or more competition between the sexes but by the triumph of constraint over desire and the life governed by conscience which has the power to make us do what is right even when it is not what we want.